E&P Synthesis - Carbonate Reservoirs

PART ONE: EXPLORATION APPROACHES AND CONSIDERATIONS

• CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
  • Introduction
  • Hydrocarbon reserves in carbonates
  • History and method of carbonate discoveries
  • Field size distribution
  • Tectonic setting
    • Bally-Snelson classification
    • Klemme classification
  • Reservoir age
  • Reservoir lithology
  • Burial depth
  • Fluid type

• CHAPTER 2: HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS IN CARBONATES
  • Introduction
  • General trend in depositional facies
    • Rimmed carbonate shelf
      • Nearshore system
      • Platform interior system
      • Platform margin system
      • Platform slope system
      • Basinal system
    • Isolated carbonate bank/platform
    • Carbonate ramp
    • Sequence stratigraphy
      • Lowstand conditions
      • Transgressive conditions
      • Highstand conditions
    • Major facies types in the database
  • General trend in diagenesis and porosity
    • Porosity enhancement processes
      • Dissolution
      • Dolomitization
      • Chalkification
      • Fracturing
    • Porosity destructive processes
    • Porosity retention processes
    • Major pore types in the database
  • Practical distinction of carbonate reservoirs
  • General trend in source rocks
    • Total organic carbon (TOC)
    • Source rock age and lithology
    • Source rock depositional environment
    • Controls on the occurence of source rock
      • Depositional controls
      • Preservation potential
  • General trend in seals
    • Seal lithology
    • Seal depositional environment
    • Top seal integrity
    • Fault seal
  • Trapping mechanism
    • Structural trap
    • Stratigraphic trap
    • Combination trap
  • Major types of carbonate play
    • Carbonate sand play
    • Organic buildup play
    • Muddy dolomite/chalky limestone play
    • Primary chalk play
    • Unconformity and megakarst play
    • Late burial diagenesis play

• CHAPTER 3: CARBONATE SAND PLAYS
  • Definition
  • Types
  • Tectonic setting
  • Exploration histories
    • Pre-discovery concepts
    • Testing and completion practices
  • Reservoir characteristics
    • Stratigraphic trends
    • Depositional patterns and reservoir geometries
    • Diagenetic patterns
    • Patterns of porosity and permeability
    • Reservoir zones and heterogeneity
  • Source rock characteristics
  • Trapping configuration
  • Approaches and strategies

• CHAPTER 4: ORGANIC BUILDUP PLAYS
  • Definition
  • Types
  • Tectonic setting
  • Exploration histories
    • Pre-discovery concepts
    • Evolution of concepts
    • Testing and completion practices
  • Reservoir characteristics
    • Stratigraphic and depositional patterns
    • Diagenetic trends and porosity types
    • Porosity and permeability trends
    • Reservoir zones and heterogeneity
  • Source rock characteristics
  • Trapping configuration
  • Approaches and strategies

• CHAPTER 5: MUDDY DOLOMITE/CHALKY LIMESTONE PLAYS
  • Definition
  • Types
  • Tectonic setting
  • Exploration histories
    • Pre-discovery concepts
    • Evolution of concepts
    • Testing and completion practices
  • Reservoir characteristics for muddy dolomite plays
    • Stratigraphic and depositional patterns
    • Diagenetic trends and porosity types
    • Porosity and permeability patterns
    • Reservoir geometry and heterogeneity
  • Reservoir characteristics for chalky limestone plays
    • Stratigraphic and depositional patterns
    • Origin of chalky microporosity
    • Other diagenetic patterns
    • Porosity and permeability trends
  • Source rock characteristics
  • Trapping configuration
  • Approaches and strategies

• CHAPTER 6: PRIMARY CHALK PLAYS
  • Definition and types
  • Tectonic setting
  • Exploration histories
  • Reservoir characteristics
    • Stratigraphic and depositional patterns
    • Diagenetic trends
    • Porosity and permeability trends
    • Reservoir geometry and heterogeneity
  • Source rock characteristics
  • Trapping configuration
  • Approaches and strategies

• CHAPTER 7: UNCONFORMITY AND MEGAKARST PLAYS
  • Definition
  • Main types of unconformity/megakarst plays
    • Buried-hill megakarst
    • Plateau megakarst
    • Buildup megakarst
    • Detrital carbonate wedges above unconformity
  • Tectonic setting
  • Exploration histories
    • Pre-discovery concepts
    • Evolution of concepts
    • Testing and completion practices
  • Reservoir characteristics
    • Depositional patterns
    • Diagenetic patterns
    • Reservoir geometries and trends
      • Buried-hill megakarst reservoir
      • Plateau megakarst reservoir
      • Buildup megakarst reservoir
      • Detrital wedge megakarst reservoir
    • Types and patterns of porosity and permeability
    • Reservoir zones and heterogeneity
      • Buried-hill megakarst reservoir
      • Plateau megakarst reservoir
      • Buildup megakarst reservoir
      • Detrital wedge megakarst reservoir
  • Source rock characteristics
  • Trapping configuration
  • Basics of petroleum system
  • Approaches and strategies

• CHAPTER 8: LATE BURIAL DIAGENESIS PLAYS
  • Definition
  • Main types of late burial diagenetic plays
    • Burial dolomitization and/or corrosion
    • Tectonic fracturing
  • Tectonic setting
  • Exploration histories
    • Pre-discovery concepts
    • Testing and completion practices
  • Reservoir characteristics
    • Depositional and diagenetic patterns
    • Reservoir geometries and trends
    • Types and patterns of porosity and permeability
    • Reservoir zones and heterogeneity
    • Fracture patterns and trends
  • Source rock characteristics
  • Trapping configuration
  • Basics of petroleum system
  • Approaches and strategies

PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES AND CONSIDERATIONS

• CHAPTER 9: PRODUCTION PATTERNS IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS
  • Introduction
  • Pore systems in carbonate reservoirs
    • Reservoir with insignificant chalky microporosity
    • Reservoir with significant chalky microporosity
  • Net/gross ratio curves for different grain types
  • Drive mechanism
  • Enhanced oil recovery technique
  • Recovery factor
  • General controls on recovery efficiency
  • Reservoir classification based on field performance
    • Heavy and viscous oil reservoirs
    • Normal API gravity and viscosity oil reservoirs
      • Fractured and/or megakarstic reservoirs
      • Microporous carbonate reservoirs
      • Conventional carbonate reservoirs
      • Reefal buildup reservoirs
    • Gas/condensate reservoirs
  • Basis and methodology for statistical analysis
  • Appendix

• CHAPTER 10: HEAVY AND VISCOUS OIL PRODUCTION
  • Generalization and summary statistics
  • Reservoir quality and heterogeneity
  • Reservoir performance and EOR technique
  • Controls on recovery efficiency
  • Approaches and strategies
  • Appendix

• CHAPTER 11: FRACTURED AND/OR MEGAKARSTIC OIL PRODUCTION
  • Generalization and summary statistics
  • Reservoir quality and heterogeneity
    • Reservoir with poor matrix permeability
    • Reservoir with good matrix permeability
  • Reservoir performance and EOR technique
    • Water drive only
    • Water drive supplemented by solution gas or gas cap
    • Solution gas drive
    • Gravity drainage drive
  • Controls on recovery efficiency
  • Approaches and strategies
  • Appendix

• CHAPTER 12: MICROPOROUS CARBONATE OIL PRODUCTION
  • Generalization and summary statistics
  • Reservoir quality and heterogeneity
    • Primary chalk
    • Secondary diagenetic chalk
  • Reservoir performance and EOR technique
    • Microporous reservoir in North Sea
    • Microporous reservoir in Middle East
    • Microporous reservoir in USA and Canada
  • Controls on recovery efficiency
  • Approaches and strategies
  • Appendix

• CHAPTER 13: CONVENTIONAL CARBONATE OIL PRODUCTION
  • Generalization and summary statistics
  • Reservoir quality and heterogeneity
    • Carbonate sand
    • Muddy dolomite
    • Mud-rich skeletal bank/mound
  • Reservoir performance and EOR technique
    • Water drive as the main producing mechanism
    • Solution gas drive as the main producing mechanism
    • Water plus gas cap expansion drive
    • Mixed water, gas and gravity drainage drive
  • Controls on recovery efficiency
  • Approaches and strategies
  • Appendix

• CHAPTER 14: REEFAL BUILDUP OIL PRODUCTION
  • Generalization and summary statistics
  • Reservoir quality and heterogeneity
    • Pinnacle reef
    • Reef mound
      • Phylloid algal mound
      • Rudist mound
      • Coral-algal-foraminiferal mound
    • Grain-rich skeletal bank
  • Reservoir performance and EOR technique
    • Solution gas/fluid expansion drive
      • Waterflood performance
      • Gas injection performance
      • Hydrocarbon miscible flood performance
    • Water drive
  • Controls on recovery efficiency
  • Approaches and strategies
  • Appendix

• CHAPTER 15: GAS/CONDENSATE PRODUCTION
  • Generalization and summary statistics
  • Reservoir quality and heterogeneity
  • Reservoir performance and EOR technique
    • Depletion drive only
      • Sour gas and condensate
      • Dry gas
    • Depletion drive supplemented by water
  • Controls on recovery efficiency
  • Approaches and strategies
  • Appendix

• BIBLIOGRAPHY

• ENCLOSURES
  • Enclosure 1.1 - Index map of the 202 carbonate fields in the database with operators indicated
  • Enclosure 1.2 - Map of the world showing discovery year for 202 carbonate fields
  • Enclosure 1.3 - Discovery dates of carbonate fields by play type
  • Enclosure 1.4 - Map of the world showing distribution of the 202 carbonate fields according to the Bally basin classification
  • Enclosure 1.5 - Map of the world showing distribution of the 202 carbonate fields according to the Klemme basin classification
  • Enclosure 1.6 - Map of the world showing reservoir age of the 202 carbonate fields
  • Enclosure 1.7 - Map of the world showing distribution of the 202 carbonate fields based on burial depth to fluid contact
  • Enclosure 1.8 - Map of the world showing distribution of the 202 carbonate fields based on fluid type and original in-place reserves
  • Enclosure 2.1 - Reservoir classification based on facies and diagenesis for the 202 carbonate fields in the database
  • Enclosure 2.2 - Stratigraphic cross-sections showing the age and reservoir type of carbonate fields in the database
  • Enclosure 2.3 - Age and lithology of source rocks for the 202 carbonate fields in the database
  • Enclosure 2.4 - Seal lithology for the 202 carbonate fields in the database
  • Enclosure 2.5 - Diagrammatic sections showing the trap-forming mechanisms and field examples
  • Enclosure 2.6 - Map of the world showing the distribution of carbonate fields in the database according to trapping mechanism
  • Enclosure 9.1 - Map of the world showing the distribution of carbonate fields in the database according to drive mechanism
  • Enclosure 9.2 - Map of the world showing the distribution of carbonate fields in the database according to EOR techniques
  • Enclosure 9.3 - Map of the world showing the distribution of carbonate fields in the database according to fluid type and recovery factor