PART
ONE: EXPLORATION APPROACHES AND CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER
1: OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
Introduction
Hydrocarbon
reserves in fractured and tight
reservoirs
History
and method of fractured reservoir
discoveries
Field
size distribution
Tectonic
setting
Bally-Snelson
classification
Klemme
classification
Reservoir
age
Reservoir
lithology
Burial
depth
Fluid
type
CHAPTER
2: EXPLORING FOR FRACTURED RESERVOIRS
Introduction
Origin
of natural fractures
Tectonic
fractures
Regional
fractures
Contractional
fractures
Surface-related
fractures
Fracture
size, morphology and interconnectivity
Fracture
size
Fracture
morphology
Open
fractures
Deformed
fractures
Mineral-filled
fractures
Vuggy
fractures
Stylolites
Laboratory
fracture experiment
Relationship
of fractures to faults and folds
Fractures
associated with faults
Fractures
associated with folds
Fractures
in folds produced by compressive
stress
Fractures
in folds produced by diapiric
vertical uplift
Regional
joints
Controls
on fracture size and spacing
Lithologic
controls on fracture spacing
Stratigraphic
controls on fracture spacing
Bed
curvature controls on fracture
size
Classification
of fractured reservoirs by production
characteristics
Exploration
strategies and techniques
Exploration
strategies
Surface
fracture maps
Fracture-facies
maps
Fracture
intensity index maps
Radius
of curvature maps
Surface
geochemical surveys
Exploration
techniques
Drillers
logs and mud logs
Well
surveys
Wireline
logs
Well
tests
Petroleum
systems in fractured reservoirs
General
trends in source rocks
Total
organic carbon (TOC) and
kerogen type
Source
rock age and lithology
Source
rock depositional environment
General
trend in seals
Seal
lithology
Seal
depositional environment
Trapping
mechanism
Structural
traps
Combination
traps
Stratigraphic
traps
Play
classification
Fractures
produced by extensional faulting
and folding
Fractures
produced by compressional
faulting and folding
Fractures
produced by wrench faulting
and folding
Fractures
produced by vertical basement
uplift/salt movement
Fractures
produced by regional fracturing
and jointing
Fractures
produced by subunconformity
karstification
CHAPTER
3: FRACTURED RESERVOIRS IN TECTONIC
SETTINGS DOMINATED BY EXTENSIONAL
FAULTING AND FOLDING
Introduction
Tectonic
setting
Klemme
classification
Bally-Snelson
classification
Trapping
configuration
Exploration
histories
Reservoir
characteristics
Reservoir
lithology
Reservoir
petrophysical characteristics
Carbonate
reservoirs
Non-carbonate
reservoirs
Fracture
characteristics
Fracture
porosity and permeability
Fracture
origin
Fracture
orientation, distribution
and density
Fractures
related to faulting
Fractures
related to subunconformity
karstification
Fractures
related to cooling and
hydrothermal activity
Fractuers
created by hydraulic fracturing
Basics
of petroleum systems
Lithologic
and stratigraphic relationships
Tectonic
relationships
Approaches
and strategies
CHAPTER
4: FRACTURED RESERVOIRS IN TECTONIC
SETTINGS DOMINATED BY COMPRESSIONAL
FAULTING AND FOLDING
Introduction
Tectonic
setting
Klemme
classification
Bally-Snelson
classification
Trapping
configuration
Exploration
histories
Reservoir
characteristics
Reservoir
lithology
Reservoir
petrophysical characteristics
Carbonate
reservoirs
Non-carbonate
reservoirs
Fracture
characteristics
Fracture
porosity and permeability
Fracture
origin
Fracture
orientation, distribution
and density
Fractures
on anticline related to
simple folding
Fractures
on anticline related to
thrust/reverse faulting
Fractures
related to subunconformity
karstification
Fractures
created by hydraulic fracturing
Basics
of petroleum systems
Lithologic
relationships
Tectonic
relationships
Approaches
and strategies
CHAPTER
5: FRACTURED RESERVOIRS IN TECTONIC
SETTINGS DOMINATED BY WRENCH FAULTING
AND FOLDING
Introduction
Tectonic
setting
Klemme
classification
Bally-Snelson
classification
Trapping
configuration
Exploration
histories
Reservoir
characteristics
Reservoir
lithology
Reservoir
petrophysical characteristics
Fracture
characteristics
Fracture
porosity and permeability
Fracture
origin
Fracture
orientation, distribution
and density
Fractures
directly caused by wrench
faulting
Other
fractures associated with
wrench-faulted structures
Fractures
related to subunconformity
karstification
Fractures
created by hydraulic fracturing
Basics
of petroleum systems
Lithologic
relationships
Tectonic
relationships
Approaches
and strategies
CHAPTER
6: FRACTURED RESERVOIRS IN TECTONIC
SETTINGS DOMINATED BY VERTICAL BASEMENT
UPLIFT OR SALT MOVEMENT
Introduction
Tectonic
setting
Klemme
classification
Bally-Snelson
classification
Trapping
configuration
Exploration
histories
Reservoir
characteristics
Reservoir
lithology
Reservoir
petrophysical characteristics
Matrix
porosity distribution
Fracture
characteristics
Fracture
porosity and permeability
Fracture
origin
Fracture
orientation, distribution
and density
Fractures
related to salt flow or
diapirism
Fractures
related to vertical basement
uplift
Fractures
related to subunconformity
karstification
Basics
of petroleum systems
Lithologic
relationships
Tectonic
relationships
Approaches
and strategies
CHAPTER
7: FRACTURED RESERVOIRS IN TECTONIC
SETTINGS DOMINATED BY REGIONAL FRACTURING
AND JOINTING
Introduction
Tectonic
setting
Klemme
classification
Bally-Snelson
classification
Trapping
configuration
Exploration
histories
Reservoir
characteristics
Reservoir
lithology
Reservoir
petrophysical characteristics
Fracture
characteristics
Fracture
porosity and permeability
Fracture
origin
Fracture
orientation, distribution
and density
Reservoirs
with good natural fractures
Reservoirs
with natural plus hydraulically-induced
fractures
Reservoirs
in which natural fractures
are limited or absent
Reservoirs
with natural fractures
plus karstic solution
Basics
of petroleum systems
Lithologic
relationships
Tectonic
relationships
Approaches
and strategies
CHAPTER
8: RESERVOIRS WITH FRACTURES RELATED
TO SUBUNCONFORMITY WEATHERING OR KARSTIFICATION
Introduction
Tectonic
setting
Klemme
classification
Bally-Snelson
classification
Trapping
configuration
Exploration
histories
Reservoir
characteristics
Reservoir
lithology
Reservoir
petrophysical characteristics
Fracture
characteristics
Fracture
porosity and permeability
Origin
and timing of fracture vs
karstification
Distribution
of subunconformity karst porosity
in fractured reservoirs
Solution-enhanced
porosity in non-karstic
carbonate reservoirs
Solution-enhanced
porosity in karstic carbonate
reservoirs
Solution-enhanced
porosity in weathered-basement
reservoirs
Basics
of petroleum systems
Lithologic
relationships
Tectonic
relationships
Approaches
and strategies
PART
TWO: DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES AND CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER
9: DEVELOPING AND PRODUCING FRACTURED
RESERVOIRS
Introduction
Fracture
versus matrix porosity and permeability
Porosity
and permeability equations
Geometrical
relationships between fracture
and matrix blocks
Classification
of fractured reservoirs by production
characteristics
McNaughton
and Gabbs classification
Nelsons
classification
Other
fractured reservoir classification
Saidis
classification
Chawathe,
Ertekin and Graders classification
Production
tests in fractured reservoirs
Pressure
transient analysis
Interference
test
Drive
mechanisms in fractured reservoirs
Overview
Drive
mechanisms of reservoirs in
the database
Enhanced
oil recovery techniques
Recovery
factor
Recovery
factor by fluid type
Recovery
factor by drive mechanism
Recovery
factor by EOR technique
Reservoir
classification based on performance
and recovery
Type
I Fractured oil reservoir
with little matrix porosity
and permeability
Type
II Fractured oil reservoir
with low to moderate matrix
porosity and low matrix permeability
Type
III Fractured microporous
oil reservoir with high matrix
porosity and low matrix permeability
Type
IV Fractured macroporous
oil reservoir with high matrix
porosity and high matrix permeability
Type
G Fractured gas and gas-condensate
reservoirs
Relative
abundance and in-place reserves
for each reservoir type
Recovery
factors for each reservoir type
CHAPTER
10: TYPE I RESERVOIR OIL PRODUCTION
The
matrix is non-porous and fractures
provide all of the storage capacity
and the fluid-flow pathways
Overview
and summary statistics
Reservoir
quality and heterogeneity
Reservoir
performance and EOR technique
Water
drive as the main producing
mechanism
Solution
gas drive as the main producing
mechanism
Gravity
drainage drive as the main
producing mechanism
Recovery
efficiency and successful reservoir
management strategies
CHAPTER
11: TYPE II RESERVOIR OIL PRODUCTION
Low
porosity/low permeability matrix provides
the storage capacity and fractures
provide the fluid-flow pathways
Overview
and summary statistics
Reservoir
quality and heterogeneity
Carbonate
reservoirs
Sandstone
reservoirs
Volcanic
and basement reservoirs
Reservoir
performance and EOR technique
Water
drive as the main producing
mechanism
Solution
gas drive as the main producing
mechanism
Water
drive in combination with
other drive mechanisms
Other
drive mechanisms
Recovery
efficiency and successful reservoir
management strategies
CHAPTER
12: TYPE III RESERVOIR OIL PRODUCTION
High
porosity/low permeability matrix provides
the storage capacity and fractures
provide the fluid-flow pathways
Overview
and summary statistics
Reservoir
quality and heterogeneity
Primary
chalk reservoirs
Chalky
limestone reservoirs
Chert/diatomite
reservoirs
Dolomite
reservoirs
Mixed
limestone/dolomite reservoirs
Reservoir
performance and EOR technique
Effect
of fracture intensity/wettability
on recovery efficiency
Solution
gas drive as the main producing
mechanism
Solution
gas in combination with other
drive mechanisms
Gravity
drainage drive as the main
producing mechanism
Other
combination drive mechanisms
Recovery
efficiency and successful reservoir
management strategies
CHAPTER
13: TYPE IV RESERVOIR OIL PRODUCTION
High
porosity/high permeability matrix
provides both the storage capacity
and fluid-flow pathways and fractures
merely enhance permeability
Overview
and summary statistics
Reservoir
quality and heterogeneity
Sandstone
reservoirs
Carbonate
reservoirs
Reservoir
performance and EOR technique
Water
drive as the main producing
mechanism
Solution
gas drive as the main producing
mechanism
Gravity
drainage drive as the main
producing mechanism
Fluid
expansion plus water combination
drive mechanism
Water
plus solution gas combination
drive mechanism
Recovery
efficiency and successful reservoir
management strategies
CHAPTER
14: TYPE G RESERVOIR GAS AND CONDENSATE
PRODUCTION
Overview
and summary statistics
Reservoir
quality and heterogeneity
Sandstone
reservoirs
Carbonate
reservoirs
Non-conventional
reservoirs
Coal
bed methane reservoirs
Fractured
shale reservoirs
Reservoir
performance and EOR technique
Conventional
gas reservoirs
Non-conventional
gas reservoirs
Gas
condensate reservoirs
Recovery
efficiency and successful reservoir
management strategies
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ENCLOSURES
Enclosure
1.1 - Index of fractured and tight
reservoirs with operators indicated
Enclosure
1.2 - Discovery year
Enclosure
1.3 - Bally basin classification
Enclosure
1.4 - Klemme basin classification
Enclosure
1.5 - Reservoir age
Enclosure
1.6 - Reservoir lithology
Enclosure
1.7 - Burial depth to OWC or GWC
Enclosure
1.8 - Fluid type and original
in-place reserves
